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Sejarah VOC, Kapal Amsterdam

Kapal VOC

Replika kapal VOC Amsterdam yang ada dalam Het Scheepvaart Museum, Museum Maritim Nasional di Amsterdam, bercerita banyak tentang 200 tahun sejarah VOC (1602~1799).

Dengan naik Uber, pagi pagi dari hotel, kami menuju ke Het Scheepvaart Museum, Museum Maritim Nasional Amsterdam. Ini memenuhi usulan sobatku mas Fathan, sesama alumni LFM-ITB, yang sudah pernah berkunjung ke sana.

Gerbang Museum

Yang paling menarik di sini adalah Replika 1:1 kapal VOC yang diberi nama Amsterdam. Letaknya persis di belakang museum. Kapal kapal seperti inilah yang digunakan VOC untuk mondar mandir berdagang dari Amsterdam ke lokasi lokasi sumber kulakan dari :
– Indonesia
– Iran
– Bangladesh
– India
– Sri Lanka
– Malaysia
– Thailand
– Cina (Kanton)
– Taiwan, dan
– Jepang

Wilayah operasi VOC

Spesifikasinya sbb :
– Bobot mati : 1.100 ton
– Panjang      : 48.0 m
– Lebar          : 11.5 m
– Tinggi          : 56.0 m
– Tenaga        : Layar (angin), karena belum ditemukan mesin Tenaga Uap.

Kira kira seukuran 1/6 kapal nabi Nuh lah (menurut Kitab Kejadian).
https://forsains.id/perspektif/kapal-nabi-nuh-sebuah-tinjauan-sains/

Amsterdam adalah kapal kargo VOC. Kapal ini memulai pelayaran perdananya ke Batavia 1749, namun karam diterjang badai di Selat Inggris.

Lokasi karam ditemukan pada tahun 1969. Sebagian besar lunasnya masih tersisa hingga saat ini karena terkubur lumpur. Bangkai kapal tersebut memberikan informasi berharga tentang :
– Konstruksi kapal VOC,
– Muatannya, dan
– Mehidupan di dalamnya.

Miniatur kapal Amsterdam

Berdasarkan bangkai tersebut, serta lukisan lukisan dari para pelukis Belanda pada abad 17 dan abad 18, maka pada tahun 1985 dibuat replika sesuai aslinya. Pada Tahun 1991 sudah dipajang di Het Scheepvaart Museum (Museum Maritim Nasional) Amsterdam.

Kapal replika Amsterdam 1:1

Ukurannya tidak cukup besar untuk mendatangkan ribuan pasukan yang bisa menaklukkan raja raja di Nusantara. Berikut adalah video yang direkam bungsuku :
https://vt.tiktok.com/ZSFuUyCEq/

Dari tahun 1602 ~ 1795, VOC melakukan 8.125 pelayaran menuju Asia dengan kapal semacam Amsterdam. Kadang berlayar sendirian, tapi lebih sering berlayar berkelompok (berbarengan), yang jumlahnya bisa mencapai 15 kapal sekali berangkat. Dari semua pelayaran, hanya 4% yang hilang di laut. Data detail sejarah ke 8.125 pelayaran ada pada Ref no.3 ini :
https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das/voyages?clear=1
Hebat sekali bangsa ini dalam hal catat mencatat.

Kapal selalu menyediakan ruang penyimpanan untuk :
– Peralatan (panci, wajan, dll)
– Senapan
– Tong mesiu
– 42 Meriam
– Bola meriam
– Suku cadang
– Batu pemberat dan
– Logistik (Makanan & minuman untuk penumpang).
Ruang makanan dilapisi besi untuk menjaga serangan hama.

Foto foto dalam kapal

Di dek atas berisi kandang hewan untuk makanan segar :
– Ayam
– Babi
– Kambing
– Sapi.
Untuk menghemat ruangan, para pelaut beristirahat di tempat tidur gantung.

Di kabin dapur, juru masak menyiapkan makanan untuk ± 240 penumpang (70 awak + Tentara & Pedagang/Misionaris)
– Pagi : bubur jagung yang dimasak dengan mentega dan plum.
– Siang : kacang polong/buncis, daging, kaldu ikan, atau daging babi.
– Sisa masakan pagi & siang untuk makan malamnya.

Foto foto dalam kapal

Kabin Ahli Bedah berisi :
– Tempat tidur ahli bedah
– Lemari obatnya yang berisi salep, bedak, minyak obat, perban dan peralatan bedah (gergaji amputasi). Bisa dibayangkan sakitnya saat itu kalau harus amputasi, digergaji tanpa anestesi, yang baru ditemukam tahun 1846.

Saat keberangkatan, 50% ruang angkut (palka) diisi makanan dan minuman untuk ± 240 penumpang selama 8 bulan pelayaran. Rute pelayaran selalu melambung lewat Afrika Selatan, karena saat itu belum ada Terusan Suez, yang baru digunakan tahun 1869. Jarak yang ditempuh ± 20.000 km, makanya perlu waktu 8 bulan pelayaran.

Yang dibawa adalah :
– Tekstil
– Anggur
– Kertas
– Pena
– Pipa
– Batu bata untuk bahan baku pemukiman dan benteng.
– Koin perak/emas dan emas batangan (untuk membeli barang² Asia).

Foto foto dalam kapal

Dalam perjalanan pulang, palka hanya berisi kargo dan makanan untuk ± 70 orang. Yang diangkut adalah :
– Timah
– Kain
– Teh
– Kopi
– Porselen
– Lada dan
– Rempah rempah lainnya.

Foto foto dalam kapal

VOC adalah persekutuan dagang Belanda yang memonopoli perdagangan di Asia (Hindia Timur).

Sejarah Kelahiran VOC dipicu oleh pemberontakan 17 provinsi di Delta Sungai Rhien atas dominasi Dinasti Hasburg (Spanyol). Spanyol melakukan embargo pada para pemberontak. VOC mewakili 17 provinsi yang memberontak, mencari jalan sendiri untuk mendapatkan rempah² dan bahan perdagangan.

▪︎ 1497-1498 Vasco da Gama (Portugis) berhasil berlayar dari Eropa ke India melalui Selatan Afrika. Dengan jalur ini, mereka bisa langsung memperoleh akses ke Asia Timur, yang selama ini hanya ditempuh melalui jalur darat. Selama abad ke 16, perdagangan rempah rempah didominasi oleh Portugis.

▪︎ 1580 Portugis-Spanyol perang melawan Belanda, hingga menimbulkan kekhawatiran para pedagang Eropa.

▪︎ 1591 Portugis memindahkan pusat distribusi barangnya dari
Kota Antwerp (Belgia-Belanda) ke Hamburg, jadi tidak melalui Belgia-Belanda lagi. Namun jalur ini tidak efisien, hingga harga lada meroket.

Faktor faktor tersebut lah yang mendorong Belanda langsung memasuki perdagangan rempah rempah dunia.

▪︎ 1595 ~ 1597 Jan Huyghen van Linschoten dan Cornelis de Houtman menemukan Jalur Rahasia pelayaran Portugis. 4 Kapal ekspedisi Cornelis de Houtman ini berhasil berlabuh di Banten. Setelah menyusuri pantai utara Jawa, hingga Madura, mereka kehilangan 50% awak akibat perseteruan dengan Portugis & penduduk lokal. Mereka memutuskan kembali ke Belanda dengan membawa rempah² yang menguntungkan.

▪︎ 1602 VOC didirikan. Ini adalah perusahaan multinasional pertama di dunia, sekaligus perusahaan pertama yang menggunakan sistem Saham. Pemegang saham terbesar VOC adalah Isaac Le Maire, seorang pengusaha Yahudi Belgia.

VOC punya hak hak istimewa :
– Memiliki tentara sendiri
– Memiliki mata uang sendiri
– Bisa bernegosiasi dengan kerajaan/negara lain
– Bisa menyatakan perang & damai dengan kerajaan kerajaan lain. Jadi VOC itu semacam negara dalam negara Belanda.

Markasnya di Batavia. Pos lainnya juga didirikan di Maluku dan Deshima (Jepang). Deshima adalah satu-satunya tempat orang Eropa bisa berdagang dengan Jepang.

Metode yang digunakan untuk mempertahankan monopoli di Indonesia adalah Kekerasan terhadap penduduk lokal, Pemerasan dan Pembunuhan massal.

▪︎ 1603 VOC memperoleh izin mendirikan perwakilan di Banten.

▪︎ 1652 Jan van Riebeeck mendirikan pos di Tanjung Harapan (Afrika Selatan) untuk persiapan kapal VOC dalam perjalanan mereka ke Asia Timur. Pos ini kemudian menjadi koloni sungguhan ketika lebih banyak lagi orang Belanda dan Eropa lainnya yang mulai tinggal di sini. Pos VOC juga didirikan di daerah² tempat kulakan.

▪︎ 1669 VOC merupakan perusahaan terkaya sepanjang sejarah, dengan memiliki :
– 150 Kapal dagang
– 40 Kapal perang
– 10.000 Tentara
– 50.000 pekerja
– Bisa membayaran dividen 40%.

▪︎ 1799 VOC bangkrut karena banyak dikorupsi. Semua utang piutang diambil alih pemerintah Belanda. Saat dibubarkan, VOC meninggalkan hutang 136,7 juta gulden.

Lini masa VOC & Indonesia

Demikianlah, 3 jam di museum telah mengingatkanku sejarah penjajahan selama 350 tahun. 200 Tahun oleh VOC, dan 150 tahun oleh Kerajaan Belanda.

Tujuan berdagangnya VOC sih okey banget, cuman cara cara kasarnya yang kusesalkan. Tidak seperti bangsa Inggris.

Keluar museum kami segera cari makan siang. Sedikit shoping mengikuti bungsuku, sebelum kemudian bergegas ke Stasiun Kereta Api menuju ke Den Haag, untuk menemui Kawan Lamo, Herman Syah.
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/xNjdupyjFkEDZDQo/?mibextid=oFDknk

Amsterdam, Selasa Legi, 05.03.24

꧋ꦤꦸꦂꦱꦺꦠꦲꦂꦢꦶꦥꦸꦠꦿꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴ꧉
(Nurseto Ardiputranto)
———-
Narasi terkait :
1. EROPA
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/yNwUzDFkseG2gYkq/?mibextid=oFDknk

2. ETIHAD
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/y85SMTXQSC1pPTmV/?mibextid=oFDknk

3. BRITISH MUSEUM
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/XtYYhK2o77TXZAcD/?mibextid=oFDknk

4. KAWAN LAMO
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/MSYwBVEDHpQi5rNt/?mibextid=oFDknk

5. EUROTUNNEL
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/dtRzfKAecqKusbQT/?mibextid=oFDknk

6. PEGUNJNGAN ALPEN SWISS
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/4DEg5TL8eoGU3Lcw/?mibextid=oFDknk

7. KECOPETAN DI EROPA
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/Vq7Px9FwZ9zpsVPX/?mibextid=oFDknk

8. SALIM, Sopir Uber Asal GUINEA
https://www.facebook.com/share/p/BC1XVYp3F4pVXuHU/?mibextid=oFDknk

9. KAPAL NABI NUH
https://forsains.id/perspektif/kapal-nabi-nuh-sebuah-tinjauan-sains/
———-

Ref no.1 :
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_(1748)

Ref no.2
https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusahaan_Hindia_Timur_Belanda

Ref no.3
https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/das/voyages?clear=1

Ref no.4
https://web.archive.org/web/20071022143631/http://scheepvaartmuseum.nl/index.php?PageID=189

Ref no.5
https://www.idntimes.com/science/discovery/ines-sela-melia-s/peraturan-dagang-voc-exp-c1c2

Ref no.6
https://id.quora.com/Manakah-daerah-Hindia-Belanda-yang-paling-mudah-ditaklukkan-oleh-VOC

 

Nurseto Ardiputranto

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